Shrimp Farming Development in Indonesia By Muhammad Yasier Abstract Indonesia is one of the largest shrimp producer country in the world beside Thailand, Vietnam and China. Shrimp farming in Indonesia was already started since 1970s and has brought many benefits to the country from reducing unemployment and especially, national revenue from foreign exchange. However, several problems such as disease outbreaks, low skilled farmers and tight export requirements became obstacles to this industry at present. Concerns because of coastal area destruction due to land function conversion to shrimp ponds and pollutants from farming activities also has brought a broader impact to environment. Stake holders in this industry, which are consist of government, companies and farmers has struggled to solve these complicated cases to increase and sustain shrimp production. This paper try to summarize shrimp farming industry in Indonesia from the beginning of shrimp farming in 1970s until recent efforts to increase national production. 1. Introduction 1.1. Background Over the past thirty years, Indonesia has produced a large amount of shrimps and exported shrimps around the world, mainly to Japan, United States and European Union (Oktaviani, 2009). It was known to begin in the late of 1970s when shrimp farming was introduced to Indonesia, triggered by the successful of ablation techniques to produce shrimps fry (post larvae) and demands from market, especially Japan. In that time, traditional shrimp farming of Penaeus monodon known as ‘Tambak’ was successfully spread around Java and Sumatra island. In the 1990s, by the advances of technology, many farmers upgrade their ponds to intensive shrimps farming, allowing them to increase the production and gained more profits. Shrimp farming in this era became a popular export commodity, beside oil palms, rubbers (Maarif and Somamihadja, 1995). Shrimps also became the highest commodity in term of values in brackish water commodities, where 80% of total values were resulted from shrimps exports (Nurdjana, 2010 ). Unfortunatenly, production declined still nearly in the same era, when disease outbreaks and other problems started to came out, made shrimp export decreased in the beginning of 2000s and still continue until 2009. As an archipelago country, Indonesia has many excellent resources to produce varieties of aquaculture commodities, including shrimps. Located in tropical region with total islands around 17.504 islands and 104.000 km length of coastal line, this country has opportunities to produce shrimps without highly affected by season/climate (Anonymous, 2011). Tropic area provides temperature stability and constant sunlight, which help ponds to have natural food and reduce environmental stress to shrimps as the commodity for aquaculture (Weidner and Rosenberry, 1992). Beside of those natural resources, the biodiversity of shrimps in Indonesia is also enable this country to produce not only Penaeus monodon. Some other shrimps that is also valued are banana shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis), api-api shrimp (Metapenaeus sp), udang rebon (Mesopodopsis sp) (Suyanto and Takarina, 2009). In general, aquaculture in Indonesia has contributed many important roles on national food security, employments, reducing capture fisheries and foreign exchange earnings from export products (Nurdjana, 2006). However, many problems and challenges are still limiting this industry in order to increase production. This article describes the development of shrimp farming in Indonesia with its efforts to overcome problems and challenges to increase production. All information are collected from published journal, books, reports, magazines articles and internet sources to show recent condition of shrimp industry. The term of shrimp is used instead of prawn to indicate that this paper is focused on penaidae, which is classified as crustacean from brackish or sea water. 2. History of shrimp farming The following chronology of shrimp farming in Indonesia is adopted from Alie Poernomo’s speech in the opening ceremony of Indonesian Aquaculture Symposium in Semarang, 2001. Alie Poernomo is known as one of important person in shrimp farming development in Indonesia who has been worked in shrimp research center (BBAP) of Jepara. The beginning of prawn farming was started in between 1964 to 1970 in South Sulawesi for tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). In this period, extensive farming system was used and the acknowledgement of shrimp fry morphology, nursing, grow out and transport was applied in monoculture and polyculture (with milkfish) system in several areas like Bulukumba, Jenepoto, Pangkep and Pinrang of South Sulawesi province. The use of floating cage and concrete ponds which were located far from shrimp fry sources was growing fast in South Sulawesi especially in Pangkep, Maros and Barru. In 1970s, extensive shrimp farming reached Java, Kalimantan (Borneo) and Aceh in Sumatera island. In 1971, Shrimp Hatchery Unit Paotere, Ujung Pandang (now Makassar) succeed to breed white shrimp (Penaeus marguiensis) without ablation by Japanese method (Murtidjo, 2003). This species also farmed successfully in Aceh because of the abundance fry supply of Aceh coastal areas. With stocking density of fry between 20.000 – 30.000 per hectares, farmers obtained 300 – 400 kg/hectares/cycles of shrimp size 30/kg. In this period, there was still no feeding given in polyculture and monoculture system. All the system only rely to natural food and fertilizers. These success trial triggered government to establish a hatchery in Jepara, which was combined with a shrimp research centre known as BPAP (Balai Pengembangan Budidaya Air Payau/ Brackish Water Research Development). In 1974, for the first time, BPAP started to establish intensive shrimp aquaculture system using paddle wheels and formulated diets in Jepara, followed by an invention of maturing broodstocks technique known as eye ablation. The first hatchery of private company, Benur Unggul Company was built in 1979 in east Java, followed by a hatchery in South Sulawesi and Jakarta. In the following year, BPAP was improving the technique of eye ablation and shrimp feed formulation. Reclamation technique to solve problems of acid sulphate soil (ASS) was founded and announced to farmers between 1982 – 1983 by Alie Poernomo (Murtidjo, 2003). After that period, intensive shrimp culture system was developed in East Java province (Banyuwangi and Situbondo), West Java (Tangerang and Serang) and Bali (Denpasar). In that time, there is no intensive prawn culture established outside Java island except for Lampung and Bali. In 1985, government established an integrated prawn culture in Krawang, known as Tambak Inti Rakyat (TIR) which has 250 Ha area consisted of ponds, a cold storage, feed factory and training facilities. Private companies also followed to built TIR in Sambas (West Kalimantan), Bima (West Nusa Tenggara), Buleleng (Bali), Kendal (Central Java), Takisung (South Kalimantan), Seram (Maluku) and Bulongan (East Kalimantan). However, most of the TIR were not very successful and had problems on business and ponds management. In 1986, Comfeed Indonesia, the first feed company was established in Indonesia. Huge area of ‘tambaks’ were built in 1989 in North Lampung by Dipasena Citra Darmaja Company, with total area more than 5.000 Ha, followed by Bratasena Company with total area around 10.000 Ha, located in Central Lampung. Another massive ponds location was built in 1999 by Wahyuni Mandira Company with total area more than 10.000 Ha, located in Mesuji river, South Sumatera Province. In this large culture system, farmers and companies have mutual agreement where farmers doing the culture and companies gave them fund to raise shrimps, usually for feed and medicines. When harvesting periods come, farmers have an obligation to sell their yields to the companies. This system known as nucleus estate scheme (Nurdjana, 2006) Several problems on intensive farming started to rise in the middle of 1980s and early of 1990s. eventhough in 1991, Indonesia became the second largest country on shrimp production after China(Weidner and Rosenberry, 1992). High mortalities, slow growth and disease outbreaks happened because most of farmers disobeyed farming requirements such as bad location selection, stocking more than ponds carrying capacities, bad water circulation which led to pollutant increasing (Wedjatmiko, 2010). Suffered together with other shrimp producer countries, many ponds in Indonesia in that time were collapsed by white spot virus disease (FAO, 2011). In global scale, shrimp production also has declined in 1993 because of diseases outbreaks which was also triggered by water pollution in coastal areas, over medication and high shrimp stocking density (Barraclough, 1996). 2. Indonesian shrimp production Most of shrimp in Indonesia is produced in extensive farming (Weidner and Rosenberry, 1992). Total aquaculture area in 2001 were 657.689 hectares and has increased to 1.114.161 hectares in 201. for ‘tambaks’ (brackish water ponds), in 2001 were 419.282 hectares and increased to 682.857 hectares in 2010 (Anonymous, 2011). Hanafi and Ahmad (1999) summarized sizes of ponds used by farmers and classified them into <2 Ha (46 %), 2-5 Ha(31.37%), 5-10 ha (14.70%) and > 10 Ha (7.35%) with the farming management varies by their location. Traditional farmers composed 80 % of total farmers in Indonesia (Maarif and Somamihardja, 2000; Mansur and Mangapa, 2007). To help farmers deciding their pond management, the Directorate General of Fisheries recommended levels and management of shrimp culture as following table. Table 1. Stocking density and expected yields of shrimp culture recommended by Directorate General of Fisheries. In the term of commodity, shrimp production in Indonesia is comprise of several species and produced from both aquaculture and capture fisheries. The most popular commodity is tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), followed by banana shrimp (Penaeus mergueinsis ), api-api shrimp (Metapenaeus monoceros), rostris shrimp (Litopenaeus stylostris) dan rebon shrimp (Mesopodopsis sp)(Suyanto and Takarina, 2009; Sumartono, Sumarwan and Winarni, 2004; Anonymous, 2011). A new commodity, vanamae shrimp, was recorder to have production in 2004 with total production 53.210 tonnes/year. Banana shrimp production was showing a declining tendency, from 25.862 tonnes in 2001 to 16.424 tonnes in 2010. Rebon shrimp, small size shrimps of several species in genus Mesopodopsis produced from capture fisheries was showing an negative trend. Production in 2003 was estimated around 700 tonnes, declined to 226 tonnes in 2004, 164 tonnes in 2005, 42 tonnes in 2007 and no production recorded from 2008 until 2010 respectively (Anonymous, 2011). The phenomena of this production declining showed that Indonesia has not managed their capture fisheries in accordance to sustainable fisheries yields and also can be a sign to other commodities of moving the production from capture fisheries to aquaculture. 3.1. Tiger shrimp As described above, the development of shrimp industry in Indonesia is strongly related with tiger shrimp (P. monodon) farming. Triggered by foreign country demand, especially Japan, production of this species has started from 1970s and reached its golden time until the early of 1990s when several diseases showed up and made many farmers and companies collapsed. Base on FAO report 2010, Global economic crisis also gave a contribution of shrimp production declining in several countries (Anonymous, 2011). However, the global price of tiger shrimp especially in Japan still made producer countries struggled to increase their export because the selling prize was still very feasible compared to its production cost (Figure 1). Figure 1. tiger shrimp prices of two different sizes in Japan from 1986 to 2010. Source : FAO, 2011. Shrimp fry is produced from broodstocks obtained from both pond farms and natural waters. However, the hatching and survival rate of fry from broodstocks reared in culture condition are not as much as broodstocks from nature. Mainly, broodstocks are collected from Sunda Strait, Pangandaran, Aceh, Madura, Bali, Sumbawa and Sulawesi. A Research in Gondol Station, Bali, achieving a result showed natural broodstock with the best performance is originated from Aceh waters (Hardanu et al, 2008 ; Sugama, 1993 in Hanafi and Ahmad, 1999). 3.2. Vanamae and rostris shrimp Two penaid shrimps from Western Pacific coast of Latin America has been introduced experimentally since 1979 to China but commercially only since 1996 to Asia, including Indonesia in the early of 2000s (Briggs, M et al 2005). Both of these species were introduced to improve total shrimps production as alternatives to tiger shrimp, which has been hit by many disease outbreaks (Nurdjana, 2006). These species has been expected to attract tambak farmers intention to recover their ponds (Manyur and Mangampa, 2007). Vanamae shrimp are seen as more tolerant to diseases, short culture period (100-110 days), higher survival rate with low FCR (Anonymous, 2012). Surprisingly vanamae shrimp production (208.578 tonnes) in 2010 exceed tiger shrimp production (125.518 tonnes). Several Penaid diseases by viruses has been reported in Indonesia. SEMBV (Systemic Ectodermal Mesodermal Baculo Virus) or known as white spots is the diseases that mostly occurred around the country. It was firstly originated from Taiwan in the early of 1992 (Chou et al, 1995) with their proposed term ‘ WSS / White spot syndrome’. FAO report in 2010 even classified this virus as ‘the most serious viral disease’ which made shrimp industry in several countries has collapsed (Anonymous, 2011). This outbreaks was triggered by environmental quality depletion, especially water quality parameters in hatchery and ponds (Anonymous, 2006). Another disease Monodon Baculo Virus (MBV) or black spots, was reviewed by Nash (1988) in Indonesia. It was known that this disease came from hatchery activities and spread fast by some stressors like overstocking density in a raceway culture system (Nash, 1988). Other viral diseases that also has been reported are Taura syndrome, Myonecrosis virus and YHV/Yellow head virus (Surfianti et al, 2010; Manoppo et al, 2011;Tauhid and Nuraini, 2008). 4. Challange to Increase Production Increasing production is a big challange for Indonesia. In 2011, potential pond areas are estimated around 2.963.717 Ha with the usage only 682.857 Ha. Meaning, 2.280.860 Ha can be used as developing opportunity (Anynomous, 2001). However, huge problems in this industry still limit this opportunity. Oktaviani and Erwidodo, 2005 in Galagher, 2005 grouped these challenges into internal and external problems. Internal problems comprise of management in production phase such as diseases, shortage of fry supplies, feed, medicines, infrastructures, regional planning and farmers empowerment, which are faced by farmers, companies and government. Whereas, external problems are the condition of the products which are required by importing countries and market competition with other shrimp exporter countries. To cope with these problems, several actions has been done by stakeholders (government, private company, farmers and other related parties)in shrimp industries. These action include standardisation in better farming techniques, bio-security applications, diversification of products and farmers empowerment. All of these efforts are expressed on national shrimp revitalization programs which consist of three phases : short term (2005-2006), middle term (2005-2009) and long-term (2005 – 2025). In technical perspective, Maarif and Somamihardja (2000) resumed that Indonesian shrimp productivity is very low, compared to other countries. However, their paper recommend semi-intensive system is the best suited to Indonesian shrimp industry. Low productivity is mainly caused by low survival rate, low growth rate, diseases and uncertainty in production cycles. In the strategy to develop tambaks in Indonesia, Maarif and Somamihardja concluded that Human Resources Development (HRD) is the key factor that needs attention if the industry wants to develop. These HRD should focus on technical field assistance, farmers, companies and researchers. Other priorities improvements on environment quality, irrigations and infrastructure; and establish better coordination among stakeholders. While solving internal problems, shrimp industry in Indonesia also struggles to fit shrimp requirement of importing countries such as Japan, US and EU. Detections of antibiotics in global shrimp products negatively affected all producer countries including Indonesia (Anonymous, 2002). The use of oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline and chloramphenicol as antibiotic was very common practise until the early of 2000s (Oktaviani and erwidodo, 2005 in Galagher, 2005). In January 2004, Japan refused Indonesian shrimp because of chlorampenicol content found in the frozen product. Luckily, Japan still continue importing from Indonesia with the letter of free antibiotic declaration as additional requirement of importation. Meanwhile, US has banned several countries to export their production in order to save their local farmers. Indonesia, eventhough not in the list of banned countries has received alerts from US because Indonesia increased importing many shrimp from China, Thailand and Vietnam in 2003 – 2004. This case had resulted Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries also released shrimp import ban in 2004 (Oktaviani, 2009). Environmental degradation caused by shrimp culture became complicated problems in this country. Mainly caused by land conversion and pollution from ponds which threatening mangrove, paddy fields, wildlife reserve and capture fisheries (Hanafi and Ahmad, 1999; Barraclough and Finger, 1996). Low Law enforcement and regulation in Indonesia has made many farmers and company converting mangrove and coastal areas to shrimp ponds. Beside affecting shrimp culture, mismanagement of Acid Sulphate Soil (ASS) has caused severe problems to environment and socio-economic of coastal population (Sammut and Hanafi, 1998). 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